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Logistics and transportation are areas where efficiency makes for a successful bottom line; many industries have been lured from North America by lower overhead, less regulation, and more freedom to dump waste. The last thing industry here in the First World needs is an expensive disaster that interrupts the supply line to industries like metal stamping of parts for larger industries. Deadlines for delivery, the cost of shipping – vital factors like these can become unmanageable during a sustained interruption of the logistical chain.

Take for example the raw materials and machinery needed to operate a custom metal stamping factory that makes parts that require custom parts made with difficult forms or deep drawing to fill the order that makes another company tick. The stamping factory will need special tools and stamping machinery. The best equipment would be most likely imported from Germany where the highest quality machinery is produced. The German equipment comes in across the ocean into a city like Detroit or Chicago, where it may change over to finish the journey by rail. Then the rolls of steel or aluminum have to come in from another continent perhaps. All of this cargo is typical to shipping on the Great Lakes. An accident or sabotage along one of the canals or locks could paralyze many industries, and in fact both accidents and sabotage have occurred along the Welland Canal.

It was a clear and pleasant evening several miles from where I grew up in Welland, in a small town called Allenburg along the canal heading north to St. Catherines. Allenburg is basically a coffee shop, a stoplight, an antique store – oh yes…and one lift bridge. Canal bridges are pretty easy to drive – one stick makes them go up, the other stick makes them go down. You see the lake boat coming, raise the bridge; after the boat passes, lower it and raise the gates for the long line of cars to continue on their way. It seems simple enough but when the lake freighter Windoc, carrying million dollars worth of grain was passing through the bridge began to come down before the ship had cleared. The funnel crashed into the span and was sheared off, destroying the freighter and the bridge. The Seaway had to close for several days, causing a chain-reaction as boats had to set anchor. The bridge had to remain in the up position for the rest of the shipping season, to the consternation of drivers who had to take a detour for nearly a year. N.M. Paterson and Sons, the owners of the Windoc had to sue the Seaway operators for .8 million to recover their losses but the day-to-day losses cost time and money to thousands of other businesses due to interruption in production.

Security along the Welland canal in Ontario is practically non-existent; the last sabotage plot was in 1916 when German diplomat Franz von Papen threatened to blow up the canal, but he had already been expelled from the U.S. for espionage. A dynamite charge was planted on the hinges of one of the locks in 1900 doing minor damage. When it comes to sabotage the official story of the 2000 – 2008 White House regarding terrorists states that terrorists are everywhere waging war on North American soil yet there’s an easy target on the Canadian side of the border that would cause havoc if taken out by explosives. Without bridges and lift locks St. Lawrence Seaway would close for a long period and disrupt the economy. Interrupting logistics is a basic tenet of military strategy. The answer is that the corporatists and extremely wealthy elite are in control of events and they will only destroy things when it’s in their interests, such as the military implosion demolition of the obsolete, largely non rentable, asbestos-ridden towers of the World Trade Center. Anyone who works with steel will tell you that fires can’t cause skyscrapers to collapse and explode into a fine dust. The implosion that removed Building 7 was recorded from many angles. All three buildings went down at the speed of gravity, the hallmark of controlled demolition. They who own the cargo protect the route on which it travels.

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J&L Scaffolding is proud to be the most sought-after scaffolding company in London for both commercial and residential scaffolding jobs of all sizes. Indeed it is pride itself that is behind the success of J&L Scaffolding: pride taken in a job well done and for every job.

You may not necessarily associate pride with scaffolding, after all it’s something you take for granted as you walk around the streets of London and the suburbs. However, J&L Scaffolding is a scaffolding company which knows just what goes into a successful scaffolding project and it’s more than most people think. First there’s the customer liaison: ascertaining exactly what each customer wants and why, and making sure that we can help. Then there’s the scaffolding design, tailored to each customer and something we take particular pride in. From there, the scaffolding is constructed with a particular focus on health and safety.

When the scaffolding is in place, whether that is around a large-scale commercial building or a small terraced house, the scaffolding services continue with a professional scaffolding team who are polite and courteous at all times. This is an area where we also feel particular pride and – unfortunately – an area which lets down some other scaffold hire companies. Then there’s the speed of delivery, meeting deadlines in the erection and dismantling of the scaffolding, and – finally – the clear-up of the area.

At every stage of every scaffolding job large and small, J&L take pride in successful and safe scaffolding and in creating happy customers.

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The panels

The New World Tapestry, which in its entirety measures 267 ft x 4 ft (81.3 m x 1.2 m), consists of twenty four panels, each of which depicts the narrative of a particular phase in the period between 1583 and 1642.

Each panel measures 11 ft x 4 ft (3.4m x 1.2m).

The figures of the tapestry are rendered in an unmistakably modern, cartoon-like style, but it also follows in the tradition of Tudor and Jacobean canvas work embroidery. The panels are worked in gobelin stitch which entirely covers the ground, and along with pictures of the main scenes of the story, the panels also feature birds, animals, flowers and insects all beautifully worked in bold colours.

“Bristol and the New World”, Aztecs at MexicoLore        

The 24 Panels of the New World Tapestry

Years

Narrative

People

Plants

1583

  (1)

Expedition to Newfoundland

Humphrey Gilbert, Captain William Winter, Robert Davis, Edward Hayes, Richard Clarke, William Cox, Captain Cade, Thomas Edmondes, Thomas Aldworth, Gilbert Staplehill

Common Mallow, Soapwort, Dandelion, Thrift, Daisy, Jessamine, Bistort, Purple Iris, Cleavers, Heartsease, Yarrow

1584

  (2)

First Expedition to Roanoke

Walter Raleigh, Philip Amadas, William Grenville, John Wood, Richard Hakluyt, Henry Greene, William Sanderson, Josias Calmady, John Dee, Thomas Harriot, John Sparke

Foxglove, Plum, Dock, Peach, Corn Marigold, St John’s wort, Pear, Succory, Hollyhock, Cowslip, Tobacco

1585

  (3)

Second Expedition to Roanoake

Richard Grenville, Edward Kelley, John White, Thomas Wise, Robert Masters, John Stukley, Christopher Broking, John Arundel, Edward Gorges, Thomas Cavendish, Walter Raleigh

Honeysuckle, Dovesfoot, Saxifrage, Bramble, Melilot, Peppermint, Oxeye daisy, Wild Pink, Mullein, Potato, Hop

1586

  (4)

Roanoke Colony and Fort Raleigh

Francis Walsingham, Ralph Lane, John Harris, Francis Drake, Philip Sidney, Richard Grenville, Thomas Ford, Thomas Luddington, George Raymond, Marmaduke Constable, David Williams

Scabious, Parsley, Broad Leaved Dock, Good King Henry, Betony, Weld, Alkanet, Crosswort, Columbine, Hazel, Nonesuch

1587

  (5)

Fourth year on Roanoke Island

John White, George Howe, Edward Spicer, Roger Pratt, Edward Stafford, Roger Bayle, John Humphrey, George Maynard, Ananias Dare, Eleanor Dare, Virginia Dare

Bird-foot-trefoil, Burdock, Houseleek, Chervil, Forget-me-not, Bugle, Tutsan, Bladder Campion, Pimpernel, Strawberry, Thyme

1588- 1590

  (6)

End of the Roanoke Colony

Richard Grenville, William Winter, John Hawkins, Francis Drake, Anthony Cage, George More, Martin Frobisher, Robert Hughes, Lord Howard of Effingham, Christopher Cooper, Thomas Stevens

Basil, Briar Rose, Bay, Periwinkle, Feverfew, Tansy, Willow Herb, Elder, Borage, Alexanders, Comfrey

1595- 1596

  (7)

Expedition to the Guyanas

Walter Raleigh, Lawrence Kemys, Anthony Ashley, John Donne, Thomas Howard, John Hartington, Robert Devereux, Francis Vere, Charles Howard, George Carew, Thomas Bodley

Globe Thistle, Stitchwort, Orpine, Water lily, Black Poplar, Wormwood, Winter savory, Dill, Bell heather, Flax, Sneezewort

1602- 1603

  (8)

Expedition to Cape Cod

Bartholomew Gosnold, Gabriel Archer, William Strete, John Brereton, John Popham, John Hele, William Parker, Bartholomew Gilbert, Thomas Walker, Edward Hayes, Walter Raleigh

Red Valerian, Squill, Toadflax, Plymouth Thistle, Archangel, Vervain, Hedge mustard, Lily of the Valley, Self heal, Buttercup, Majoram

1605

  (9)

Expedition to Maine

George Waymouth, Henry Wriothesley, Walter Mathew, Wiliam Rosecarrock, Ferdinando Gorges, John Popham, Robert Martin, Thomas Arundell, Richard Aldworth, Thomas Smythe, James Rosier

White Rose, Violet, Groundsel, Rest Harrow, Knapweed, Lady Bedstraw, Bluebell, Fennel, Clowns Ringwort, Lady Mantle, Tare

1606

(10)

Plymouth Company and London Company

John Popham, William Parker, George Popham, Raleigh Gilbert, Thomas Hanham, John Maddock, John Dodderidge, William Waad, James Bagg, Henry Challons, Martin Pring

Cotton Lavender, Lemon balm, Bittersweet, Willow Tree, Celandine, Meadowsweet, Red Campion, Bugloss, Woad, Thistle, Fumitory

1607

(11)

Jamestown Settlement

Christopher Newport, Bartholomew Gosnold, Henry Montagu, Robert Cecil, John Smith, Chief Powhatan, George Percy, John Ratcliffe, Walter Cope, Edward Maria Wingfield, Robert Killigrew

Lady Smock, Furze, Poppy, Privet, Primrose, Pink Rose, Bindweed, Pellitory, Cornflower, Rue, Plantain

1607- 1608

(12)

Expedition to Maine, Popham Colony (Sagadahoc)

Francis Popham, William Parker, Matthew Sutcliffe, Richard Champernoune, Thomas Horner, Edward Rodgers, John Mallet, Raleigh Gilbert, George Popham, Roger Warre, Abraham Jennings

Ground Ivy, Ragwort, Great Willowherb, Agrimony, Teasel, Rocket, Germander, Oak, Dovesfoot, Ribwort, Sage

1609- 1610

(13)

Bermuda claimed after Sea Venture shipwreck

Thomas Campbell, William Godolphin, William Shakespeare, William Strachey, Thomas Gates, William Craven, George Somers, Matthew Somers, Henry Wriothesley, Richard Frobisher, Robert Aldworth

Yellow Iris, Orach, Rose, Hawkweed, Wood Sorrel, Water mint, Yellow Poppy, Gentian, Biting Stonecrop, Solomon Seal, Goldenrod

1613- 1614

(14)

Jamestown Settlement grows

Samuel Argall, Pocahontas, John Rolfe, Thomas Dale, Thomas Smythe, John Borlase, Prince Charles, John Scobie, Richard Buck, Thomas Hayes, Thomas Savage, John Smith

Spurge, Horehound, Tormentil, Love in a Mist, Sloe, Eyebright, Red Clover, Oxlip, Marshmallow, Garlic, Sow Thistle

1616

(15)

John Rolfe brings Pocahontas to England

Michael Drayton, John Rolfe, John Smith, Thomas West, William Shakespeare, John Leman, Edward Lawrence, Thomas Dale, John King, George Yeardley, Ben Jonson

Clary, Rhubarb, Great Burnet, Mercury, Scurvy-grass, Sea holly, Wallflower, Purple loosestrife, Water Ragwort, Figwort, Lime Tree

1617- 1618

(16)

Failure of Raleigh Expedition to the Guyanas

Roger North (Oyapoc), Robert Trelawney, Henry Rolfe, Lewis Stukley, Henry Montagu, Robert Tounson, Samuel Argall, Nicholas Frankwell, Walter Raleigh, John Bingley, Edward Coke

Tamarisk, Nepeta, Tarragon, Hellebore, Sweet William, Cherry, Prince of Wales Feathers, Holly Tree, Gooseberry, Mouse Ear, Mulberry

1619

(17)

House of Burgesses, Slaves and Bartered Brides

George Yeardley, William Paget, Henry and Thomas Lyle, William Cavendish, William Herbert, John Mason, Edward Seymour, William Cockayne, Robert Spencer, William Tucker, Edwin Sandys

Chickweed, Wortleberry, Service Tree, Cocks Head, Woodrush, Opium poppy, Avens, Onion, Yam, Beech, Orchis

1620

(18)

Mayflower Compact

John Robinson, Edward Winslow, William Brewster, Henry Wallis, Ferdinando Gorges, William Bradford, Gerryt Lanaertz, Edward Richards, John Plumleigh, Thomas Fownes, John Carver

Speedwell, Chamomile, Mayflower, Valerian, Rosemary, Lavender, Nettle, Herb Robert, Wild Arum, Ivy, Spearmint

1621- 1623

(19)

Indian Raids, beginning of New Hampshire

David Thompson, Leonard Pomeroy, John Mason, Thomas Hobson, Robert Rich, Abraham Colmer, Edward Hilton, Robert Gorges, Alexander Shapleigh, Myles Standish, Thomas Weston

Indian Corn, Crab Apple, Barberry, French Lungwort, White clover, Barren Strawberry, Lungwort, Runner bean, Currant, Horse Chestnut, Lilac

1624- 1630

(20)

Massachusetts Bay Colony, Dorchester Company

John White, John Warham, John Wolstenholm, Roger Conant, Thomas Morton, Edward Rossiter, Thomas Holcombe, Roger Clap, Jonathan Gillett, John Endecott, James Gould

Rocket, Snowdrop, Pasque flower, Garlic Mustard, Hyssop, Wolf Bane, Cranesbill, Dead Nettle, Elm, Leopard’s bane, Fritillary

1630

(21)

Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop

Adam Winthrop, William Laud, Richard Saltonstall, Hugh Peter, Matthew Craddock, Isaac Johnson, John Winthrop, Emmanuel Downing, William Coddington, William Pynchon, John Underhill

Loosestrife, Musk Mallow, Hounds-Tongue, White Bryony, Hairless Catmint, Spindle, Organy, Jacob Ladder, American Winter Cress, Brooklime, Campion

1628- 1634

(22)

Calvert family and the Province of Maryland

George Calvert, Cecil Calvert, Leonard Calvert, Richard Blount, Thomas Dorrell, Thomas Cornwallis, Richard Gerard, Jerome Hawley, Henrietta Maria, Edward Winter, Jerome Weston, Nicholas Ferfax

Dyer Greenweed, Quince, Scarlet Pimpernel, Nettleleaved Bellflower, Sea Beet, Asparagus, Sand Spurrey, Meadow Clary, Marsh Marigold, Monkshood, Sweet Cicely

1635- 1641

(23)

New England, Harvard College and Taunton

Nicholas Frost, Anne Hutchinson, John Eliot, Nathaniel Eaton, Henry Dunster, Thomas Gorges, Roger Williams, Drapers Company, John Harvard, Elizabeth Pole

Pennyroyal, Scabwort, Astrantia, Vetch, Wayfaring Tree, Dark Mullein, Centaury, Green Alkanet, Saxifrage, Corn Cockle, Sweet Woodruff

1642

(24)

Great gardeners and herbalists. English Civil War begins

William Turner, Edward Seymour, Henry Lyte, Robert Cecil, Thomas Johnson, Nicholas Culpeper, John Gerard, John Tradescant the elder, John Parkinson, Henry Danvers, John Tradescant the younger

Simpson, Fleabane, Pot Marigold, Scots Rose, Stag Horn Sumach, Larkspur, Navelwort, Wild Candytuft, Spiderwort, Charlock, Aster

The creation of the tapestry

The designer was Tom Mor, who also designed the Plymouth Tapestry at Prysten House, Plymouth, the Adventurers for Virginia (London) Tapestry, and was the consultant on the Jersey Liberation Tapestry (St Helier, Channel Islands) and the Plympton Tapestry (Plympton, Devon). The panel was researched by Tom Mor, Tom Maddock, Paul Presswell and Freda Simpson. Chief tapissiers were Joan Roncarelli and Rene Harvey. A New World Tapestry Website has been developed as of December 2008 and will soon include 120 pages, showing all complete panels.

Research for the New World Tapestry twenty four panels began in 1980. Tom Mor was joined by Tom Maddock, a retired friend from Ivybridge. Over the months they travelled hundreds of miles together, researching the two hundred sixty four people who would be named on the tapestry. Heraldic expert Paul Presswell of Buckfastleigh identified all the Coats of Arms of the people, colleges and companies involved. The result has been the creation alongside the tapestry of a library of files on each person and a collection of reference books of great use to researchers, scholars and teachers.

Two hundred sixty four armorial shields run along the top and bottom tapestry borders throughout its length, alternating with illustrations of the same number of flowers of herbs, medicinal plants, trees and shrubs. The latter are shown because the colonists took ointments and cure-alls with them on their voyages and plant hunters returned with such things as the potato and tobacco.

All the flowers and florets depicted were drawn from nature by Tom Mor, who studied them under a watchmaker glass. He was helped from the very early days by Freda Simpson of Plymouth, who was passionately interested in herbs and old herbal remedies. She identified and gave him over 230 flower specimens in the years that Mor lived with his wife and family in Plymouth. Later they moved to Cambridge were he was able to complete the set of 264 drawings with the help of Clive King and Caroline Lawes of the Cambridge University Botanic Garden, Lady Jane Renfrew of Lucy Cavendish College and Alison Davies, Monica Stokes and Edna Norman.

The stitchers

Tom Mor could not have seen his canvasses brought to life without the help of his friends and the expertise of the dedicated tapissiers. When the very first stitch was made in the New World Tapestry in 1980, the team working in Prysten House numbered 20. By the time the last stitch was made in March 2000, the number of tapissiers had increased to 256 with the addition of another eight centres. In Devon there was a second in Plymouth at HMS Drake (the Royal Navy panel), Ivybridge, Chillington, Exeter, Bideford, Totnes and Tiverton Castle. Dorset Tapestry centre was in the Guildhall at Lyme Regis and it was there that the Great Gardeners and Herbalists panel was stitched.

The first Oblique Gobelin stitch was made on 26 September 1980 in Prysten House in Plymouth, by U.S. Ambassador the Hon. Kingman Brewster. The coat of arms of His Excellency’s ancestor, Pilgrim leader William Brewster, appears on the 1620 Mayflower Panel.

The last Oblique Gobelin stitch was made by HRH Prince Charles on 3 March 2000 in the Orchard Room of his home at Highgrove House in Gloucestershire. Most fittingly, with his interest in history and a keen gardener himself, the Prince put his golden wool stitch in the date of the 1642 Great Gardeners and Herbalists Panel.

Stitches have also been added by HM the Queen, HM the Queen Mother, HRH Prince Philip, HRH the Princess Royal and HRH the Duchess of Gloucester.

The Library

The New World Tapestry Library material includes histories of the years 1583-1642, much of it original research, files on the two hundred sixty four people named on the tapestry, plus heraldic information on over three hundred individuals, companies, towns, counties and universities.

Supporters

Supporters of the New World Tapestry include the Adventurers for Virginia patrons of the New World Tapestry and Library. Their names are inscribed for posterity in the Adventurers for Virginia Record Book. Supporters who join the Adventurers for Virginia may also:

In London, celebrate the Adventurers for Virginia Day every 10 April to commemorate the granting of Royal Charters by James II of England to the London Company and the Plymouth Adventurers (Plymouth Company) in 1606 to establish colonies in Virginia

Help fund the production of the book, The Jamestown, Sagadahoc and Bermuda Story, for schools and researchers.

Help fund the production of the Yeardley/Flowerdew Brasses for presentation in England and America.

Help make grants to the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum at Temple Meads in Bristol to create the permanent exhibition of the New World Tapestry, expand and enhance the New World Tapestry Library and help the development of three-way educational research between England, the Americas and Bermuda.

Receive a tie showing the Adventurers badge plus a lifetime pass to view the tapestry at the museum in Bristol.

References

^ Caron Parsons (27 September 2004). “Art and Exhibitions: Setting sail for a pow-wow”. BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2004/09/27/powwow_event_feature.shtml. “Helping to illustrate the story is the New World Tapestry; which, created in the West Country, is a detailed record of the early colonial period and the largest such embroidery in the world.” 

^ a b “World’s biggest tapestry on move”. BBC News. 5 October 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/3165712.stm. “The 267-feet-long New World Tapestry, which depicts the colonisation of the Americas between 1583 and 1642, has been on display at Coldharbour Mill in Devon for 10 years. Now the 39 million stitch tapestry, which was 23 years in the making, is to have a new home at the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum in Bristol.” 

^ “New World Anniversary Tapestry in Bristol, July 2006″. VisitBritain Press Centre. http://www.visitbritain.com/corporate/presscentre/presscentrebritain/britaincalling/July2006/Attractions/newworld.aspx. “More than 260 adventurers are named in total and their coats-of-arms displayed, along with a similar number of herbs, medicinal plants, trees and shrubs used by the early settlers. There are several humorous touches in the manner of ancient tapestries and almost 39 million stitches, including one made by Prince Charles.” 

^ Photograph of 1617-1618 panel. “Bristol and the New World”. Aztecs at MexicoLore. http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/index.php?one=azt&two=aaa&id=274&typ=reg. 

^ “Prysten House: Frommer’s Review”. Frommer’s. http://www.frommers.com/destinations/plymouth/A25436.html. 

^ “Ceremonies in London mark 400th anniversary of Virginia Charter”. Richmond Times-Dispatch. History News Network. 10 April 2006. http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/23820.html. “The Adventurers for Virginia group, based in southwest England, displayed pieces of its New World Tapestry, which depicts the lineage of the families who traveled to settle the colony as well as other well-known aspects of history.” 

^ a b c d “City marks 400th anniversary of England’s American adventure”. City of London media centre. 4 April 2006. http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/media_centre/files2006/54_06.htm. “Today Adventurers for Virginia are also backers of England ayeux Tapestry, The New World Tapestry, which, together with its Library, is a unique source of Anglo-American historical reference and an important international teaching tool. Designed by Tom Mor in 1978 and stitched by 256 volunteer Westcountry tapissiers, the massive work was completed in 2000 with a stitch made by Prince Charles.” 

^ www.newworldtapestry.co.uk

^ “Cash appeal for tapestry casing”. BBC News. 13 May 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1984302.stm. “Mr Mor has created a fund-raising group called Adventurers for Virginia, which will work on both sides of the Atlantic. The group takes it name from a tapestry panel, specially created for the fund-raising drive, which was made by a group of volunteers in Lyme Regis, Dorset. The panel is dedicated to the work of 18 London livery companies that, in 1620, gave money to support settlements in Virginia.” 

^ “Artifacts collection: Excavations have uncovered over 200,000 artifacts.”. Website of the Flowerdew Hundred (Virginia historic landmark on the James River) Foundation. http://www.flowerdew.org/Artifacts.html. 

External links

New World Tapestry Website

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Leon Conrad  Kaffe Fassett  Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty   Marilyn Leavitt-Imblum  Ann Macbeth  May Morris  Charles Germain de Saint Aubin  Mary Elizabeth Turner   Teresa Wentzler  Erica Wilson  Lily Yeats

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Embroiderers’ Guild (UK)  Embroiderer’s Guild of America   Embroidery Software Protection Coalition  Royal School of Needlework   Chung Young Yang Embroidery Museum   Han Sang Soo Embroidery Museum

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Categories: Tapestries | Embroidery | Culture of the Americas | Arts in the United Kingdom

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THE EFFECTS OF PRONUNCIATION ON SPELLINGS AND COMPREHENSION

By Johnnie J. Lim

Introduction

I conducted this study to find answers to the problem whether or not pronunciation affects spelling and comprehension of the students in learning English as a Foreign Language.

As a researcher, I tried to prove if learners of the English language from Middle East had common errors in writing correct spelling of words with letter ‘r’, be it in the middle or at the end of the word, and if their comprehension was affected by pronunciation. Specifically, I aimed to answer the questions: (1.) Is there significant effect of pronunciation on spelling? (2.) Does pronunciation affect comprehension?

I conducted this study in Non-Destructive Testing Technology Institute, 2nd Industrial City of Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for eleven (11) weeks on the 2nd quarter of SY 2008-2009. The participants involved were thirty (30) Arab students enrolled in my General English class. They were all first year college students taking up Welding course. These participants had previously learned and acquired British English.

My purpose of conducting the study was to provide an output that will be of help to teachers to understand if the same problem is encountered or will be encountered by them, and to encourage them to use teaching strategies appropriate to the learning style of the learners. Likewise, the result will be beneficial for them to help students improve their spelling and comprehension in learning the English language.

Discussion

My attempt to do the study was inspired by my own experience as an English teacher in dealing with the non-native speakers of English in a vocational school particularly Non-Destructive Testing Technology Institute where I taught General English to Arab students who had been exposed to British English, or who had previously acquired and learned the language. Since I was using American English, a minimal confusion occurred on both parties in the teaching-learning situation.

There was confusion in the production of the ‘r’ sound in words with middle, or final ‘r’ (i.e., welder, worker, world, marker, car, cutter, etc…) and in spelling of words like center, color liter, meter, and the like. The problem is similar to the ‘intrusive r’ mentioned in the study conducted by Bryan Gick of the University of British Columbia (cited in http://camba.ucsd.edu/files/phonoloblog/gick-intrusive-l-amsp02.pdf.).

Considering this experience, as a researcher, I conducted the study immediately after a week of teaching.

Accordingly, linguists have long been interested in intrusive r for a variety of reasons. The importance of early descriptions of the phenomenon as it appeared in early British RP, such as that provided by Jones (1917). Intrusive r was first recognized as relevant to phonological theory by a group composed mostly of American Structuralists, who identified it as bearing crucially on contemporary discussions of the phonemicization of low vowels and glides (Bloomfield 1935; Trager 1943; Whorf 1943; Swadesh 1947). Although somewhat later, and with a more dialectological focus, Kurath’s (1964) analysis should also be included in this category. Interest was renewed by the Generativists and following generations, beginning with Kahn’s (1976) dissertation on syllable structure and continuing to the present day (e.g., Mohanan 1985; Vogel 1986; Broadbent 1991; McCarthy 1991, 1993; Harris 1994, chap. 5; McMahon,Foulkes, and Tollfree 1994; McMahon and Foulkes 1995; Giegerich 1997; Halle and Idsardi 1997; Gick 1999).

“Intrusive r” says Gick, “may be viewed simplistically as the extension by analogy of a historically attested final /r/ to words historically ending in a vowel (generally this applies only to the set of non-glide-final vowels: /@, a, O/). Thus, in dialects with intrusive r, normally word-final r and zero alternate, depending on whether the word is vowel-initial, as in the following examples.”

“1. R ~ Ø alternation in historically r -final words (e.g., E Mass.)

a. tuner [tun@] ü tuner is [tun@r Iz]

b. spar [spa:] ü spar is [spar Iz]

c. pore [pO:] ü pore is [pOr Iz].”

Gick also explains that “in some dialects, this process has extended to all words ending in /a/, /O/, and /@/,. as shown below which is commonly known as intrusion.”

“2. R ~ Ø alternation in historically vowel-final words (e.g., E Mass.)

a. tuna [tun@] ü tuna is [tun@r Iz]

b. spa [spa:] ü spa is [spar Iz]

c. paw [pO:] ü paw is [pOr Iz].”

But Gick emphasized that “in most dialects, this alternation never occurs following other vowels. Gick (1999) points out that “the historical development of intrusive r followed an identifiable and necessary sequence of linguistic events: vocalization, linking, merger ( or near merger), reanalysis (intrusion), and generalization.”

In the study conducted by Gick of which he aimed to determine if intrusive r has the same pattern with intrusive l, he found out that “the same pattern is reflected in existing dialect typologies as well. He said, “such an ordering is valuable in pinpointing the present stage of development of the highly parallel intrusive l. This sequence proceeds historically as follows.”

“Postvocalic liquids undergo vocalization. Philadelphia (S Pa.) is well known for this behavior: “In Philadelphia, word-final /l/ is vocalized with great frequency” (Ash 1982b, 162). This process, by definition, applies only to liquids (and possibly glides). Vocalization may be thought of as one instantiation of a more general phonetic process known as final reduction (or, conversely, initial strengthening), which may apply to any consonant. Final reduction is a property of apparently all consonants in all dialects of English studied to date, whereby the articulatory movements of postvocalic allophones tend to be “reduced,” or less constricted, compared with those of prevocalic allophones (Browman and Goldstein 1995; Gick forthcoming a). Liquid consonants, however, are unusual in that they involve multiple lingual articulations (e.g., the tongue front raising gesture and tongue root retraction for /r/; Delattre and Freeman 1968). When liquid consonants undergo ?nal reduction, it is only the anterior articulations (i.e., the coronal constriction for /l/ and the tongue front raising for /r/) that are affected (Giles and Moll 1975; Ash 1982a, 1982b; Hardcastle and Barry 1989, 15; Sproat and Fujimura 1993; Gick 1999, forthcoming a).”

However, according to Gick “the posterior articulations, that is, the tongue dorsum retraction for /l/ and the tongue root retraction for /r/, remain more or less unaffected (see Gick forthcoming b and Gick, Kang, and Whalen forthcoming for further evidence in support of this analysis of liquid vocalization in English). The result is that final allophones tend perceptually to have a stronger “vocalic” component (Sproat and Fujimura 1993) than initial allophones (hence the term vocalization). In its most extreme manifestation, vocalization may result in a complete loss of the anterior articulation.”

On the part of the students, trouble came from the way how I pronounced the words, spoke and wrote the spelling of words using American English. On my part as the teacher, trouble came from the way how the students pronounced the words, spoke and wrote the spelling of the words using British English.

Focusing on pronunciation and spelling as a teacher-researcher, I noticed that when some students wrote, they occasionally omitted letter ‘r’ from the word that ends with letter ‘r’ and even changed the spelling following their own pronunciation. (i.e., ‘otha’ instead of ‘other’; ‘neva’ instead of ‘never’; ‘welda’ instead of ‘welder’; ‘computa’ instead of ‘computer’; ‘teacha’ instead of ‘teacher’). Another observation was students’ pronunciation of few words with letter ‘o’, like for examples, ‘follow’ is pronouced as (fol-o) instead of (fal-ow); ‘blood (blod) instead of (blad); ‘box (boks) instead of (baks). As a result, some of them wrote the words in reffrence to the way how they pronounced them.

Analyzing the situation, my input appeared to be another kind of English to the students and that the students’ feedback, on the other hand, seemed to be another kind of English to me though I already had knowledge about the difference of British English and American English.

As a researcher, I described it as the encounter of two Englishes experiencing difficulty in trying to meet half-way. As a result of the observation I made, the comprehension of both parties was affected. Either I or the students experienced trouble in dealing with the English language.

Conclusion

My research employed quantitative and qualitative approaches in analyzing the data gathered and observed. In the eight written and two oral quizzes I gave, 27 out 30 students were found to be consistent in their errors in writing the spellings of the words with final and middle ‘r’ by dropping them out of the words resulting to inaccuracy in spellings. Five of the written quizzes I designed were to allow the participants to write words with middle and final ‘r’ to complete the sentences. The other three, were to instruct them to write the unknown words with middle or final ‘r’ based on the context clues given. I conducted the two oral quizzes by reading the instructions aloud to let them write the words with middle or final ‘r’. However, similar results were obtained. There were errors in spellings even if I pronounced the words the way how American do it.

Based on these facts, my study proved that pronunciation had a significant effect on spellings of some words, though my study was only focused in determining the words with middle and final ‘r’. My study also found out that pronunciation affected comprehension in learning a new English for the students who were exposed to another kind of English of which reduction of the final sound is practiced . This is the idea confirmed based on this study.

However, the problem raised in the study was not focused directly on the difference of American English and British English but to determine and discuss some common errors committed by the learners as influenced by their pronunciation. This was the reason why the participants of this study performed differently than what I expected as a teacher in trying to teach English using American English.

General Reference : American Speech, Vol. 77, No. 2, Summer 2002
Copyright © 2002 by the American Dialect Society

Oher Reference (cited in Gick’s Study)

Ash, Sharon. 1982a. “The Vocalization of /l/ in Philadelphia.” Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Pennsylvania.
———. 1982b. “The Vocalization of Intervocalic /l/ in Philadelphia.” SECOL Review 6: 162–75.
Bloom?eld, Leonard. 1935. Language. London: Allen and Unwin.
Broadbent, Judith. 1991. “Linking and Intrusive r in English.” UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 3: 281–302.
Browman, Catherine P., and Louis Goldstein. 1995. “Gestural Syllable Position Effects in American English.” In Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues. For Katherine Safford Harris, ed. Fredericka Bell-Berti and Lawrence J. Raphael, 1934. New York: American Institute of Physics Press.
Costa, Paul, and Ignatius G. Mattingly. 1981. “Production and Perception of Phonetic Contrast during Phonetic Change.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 69: S67.
Delattre, Pierre C., and Donald C. Freeman. 1968. “A Dialect Study of American r’s by X-ray Motion Picture.” Linguistics 44: 29–68.
Fasold, R. W. 1981. “The Relation between Black and White Speech in the South.” American Speech 56: 163–89.
Fowler, J. 1986. “The Social Strati?cation of (r) in New York City Department Stores, 24 Years after Labov.” Unpublished MS.
Gick, Bryan. 1991. “A Phonologically Motivated Theory of Consonantal Intrusion and Related Phenomena in English.” Unpublished MS.
———. 1997. “The Intrusive L.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Dialect Society, Chicago, 2–4 Jan.
———. 1999. “A Gesture-Based Account of Intrusive Consonants in English.” Phonology 16.1: 29–54.
———. Forthcoming a. “Articulatory Correlates of Ambisyllabicity in English Glides and Liquids.” In Papers in Laboratory Phonology VI: Constraints on Phonetic
a m e r i c a n s p e e c h 77.2 (2002) 182 Interpretation, ed. J. Local, R. Ogden, and R. Temple. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
———. Forthcoming b. “An X-ray Investigation of Pharyngeal Constriction in American English Schwa.” Phonetica.
Gick, Bryan, A. Min Kang, and D. H. Whalen. Forthcoming. “MRI Evidence for Commonality in the Post-oral Articulations of English Vowels and Liquids.”
Journal of Phonetics.
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Oxford: Clarendon.
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———. 1966. The Social Strati?cation of English in New York City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
———. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. 1, Internal Factors. Language in Society 20. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
———. 1996. “The Organization of Dialect Diversity in North America.” Paper presented at ICSLP4, Philadelphia, 6 Oct. Data published in The Phonological
Atlas of North America (Web site). Available from http://www.ling.upenn.eduphono_atlas/ICSLP4.html.
Labov, William, Malcah Yaeger, and Richard Steiner. 1972. A Quantitative Study of Sound Change in Progress. Philadelphia: U.S. Regional Survey.
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General Session and Parasession on the Grammar of Event Structure, ed. Laure

Album Description
The Real Tuesday Weld, a.k.a. British singer-songwriter and audio provocateur Stephen Coates has charmed critics and audiences alike by wedding the suggestive hiss of vintage vinyl and ancient radio transmissions to the latest samples, loops and glitchy beats, creating a signature sound he calls “antique beat”. London Book of the Dead may be a startlingly morose title, and it’s true that the album’s lyrical concerns drift dreamily between such weighty topics as death, religious faith, honesty, drugs, and disease. But even when the going gets dark and introspective, there’s an element of whimsy that is never far from the surface. “Last Words” is possibly the most accessible track. This catchy “electro-pop” tune is now being used extensively in the highly anticipated film Nick & Norah’s Infinite Playlist.

London Book of the Dead

Album Description
The Real Tuesday Weld, a.k.a. British singer-songwriter and audio provocateur Stephen Coates has charmed critics and audiences alike by wedding the suggestive hiss of vintage vinyl and ancient radio transmissions to the latest samples, loops and glitchy beats, creating a signature sound he calls “antique beat”. London Book of the Dead may be a startlingly morose title, and it’s true that the album’s lyrical concerns drift dreamily between such weighty topics as death, religious faith, honesty, drugs, and disease. But even when the going gets dark and introspective, there’s an element of whimsy that is never far from the surface. “Last Words” is possibly the most accessible track. This catchy “electro-pop” tune is now being used extensively in the highly anticipated film Nick & Norah’s Infinite Playlist.

London Book of the Dead

Album Description
The Real Tuesday Weld, a.k.a. British singer-songwriter and audio provocateur Stephen Coates has charmed critics and audiences alike by wedding the suggestive hiss of vintage vinyl and ancient radio transmissions to the latest samples, loops and glitchy beats, creating a signature sound he calls “antique beat”. London Book of the Dead may be a startlingly morose title, and it’s true that the album’s lyrical concerns drift dreamily between such weighty topics as death, religious faith, honesty, drugs, and disease. But even when the going gets dark and introspective, there’s an element of whimsy that is never far from the surface. “Last Words” is possibly the most accessible track. This catchy “electro-pop” tune is now being used extensively in the highly anticipated film Nick & Norah’s Infinite Playlist.

London Book of the Dead

Album Description
The Real Tuesday Weld, a.k.a. British singer-songwriter and audio provocateur Stephen Coates has charmed critics and audiences alike by wedding the suggestive hiss of vintage vinyl and ancient radio transmissions to the latest samples, loops and glitchy beats, creating a signature sound he calls “antique beat”. London Book of the Dead may be a startlingly morose title, and it’s true that the album’s lyrical concerns drift dreamily between such weighty topics as death, religious faith, honesty, drugs, and disease. But even when the going gets dark and introspective, there’s an element of whimsy that is never far from the surface. “Last Words” is possibly the most accessible track. This catchy “electro-pop” tune is now being used extensively in the highly anticipated film Nick & Norah’s Infinite Playlist.

London Book of the Dead

Album Description
This modern-day electronic cabaret singer-songwriter, whose given name is Stephen Coates, has crafted a unique new sound, informed by Al Bowlly, Serge Gainsbourg, Ennio Morricone as well as modern electronica. I, Lucifer is the imaginary soundtrack to the best selling novel of the same name by Glen Duncan, about the devil returning to earth for a second shot at repentance and mortality. The enhanced CD features the Sundance Online Film Festival award winning animated video for “Bathtime In Clerkenwell.”

In the U.K. where the first album track has been released on 10″ vinyl, it has become an unexpected dance floor hit, with people like Coldcut, Groove Armada and Fatboy Slim singing its praisesAmazon.com
Contemporary pop music often deals with its burgeoning past by pretending to ignore it, all the while frantically picking over the debris to cynically reinvent the wheel. But the U.K.’s The Real Tuesday Weld (a.k.a. singer/composer/multi-instrumentalist Stephen Coates) triumphs here by boldly synthesizing a context of intimate ’20s and ’30s cabaret jazz, then deftly informing it with subtle touches of modern electronica. That it remains much closer in spirit to the former than the latter makes it a compelling, consistently satisfying listen. Taking the form of a mock soundtrack to novelist Glen Duncan’s amusingly warm tale of the devil returning to earth for an ill-advised comeback, Coates’ cabaret electronique draws on influences as diverse as Django Reinhardt, Serge Gainsbourg, Tom Waits, and Al Bowlly (Coates claims the ’30s London crooner inspired him in a dream), TRTW spins breathy, endlessly moody tales of bittersweet romance, all of it informed by a dry, graceful wit. The dizzy, French tongue-tripper “Bathtime in Clerkenwell” quickly became an unlikely Euro club hit; guest performers include the Tiger Lillies’ Martyn Jacques (“Someday (Never)”), Pinkie McClure (the cinematic “One More Chance”), and David Guez (“La Bete et La Bete”‘s Gallic throwback folk-pop). A lot of unfocused musical ambition gets passed off as cutting-edge post-modernism, but the inviting, time-warped conceit Coates/TRTW have concocted here challenges the very notion of such constraining labels. –Jerry McCulley

I Lucifer

Album Description
The Real Tuesday Weld, a.k.a. British singer-songwriter and audio provocateur Stephen Coates has charmed critics and audiences alike by wedding the suggestive hiss of vintage vinyl and ancient radio transmissions to the latest samples, loops and glitchy beats, creating a signature sound he calls “antique beat”. London Book of the Dead may be a startlingly morose title, and it’s true that the album’s lyrical concerns drift dreamily between such weighty topics as death, religious faith, honesty, drugs, and disease. But even when the going gets dark and introspective, there’s an element of whimsy that is never far from the surface. “Last Words” is possibly the most accessible track. This catchy “electro-pop” tune is now being used extensively in the highly anticipated film Nick & Norah’s Infinite Playlist.

The London Book of the Dead